#lang racket |
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;; a model of channel-based communication in a by-value language with threads |
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(require redex "common.rkt") |
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(define-language Lambda |
(e ::= |
x (lambda (x_!_ ...) e) (e e ...) |
n (+ e e) |
(if0 e e e) |
(spawn e) |
(put c e) |
(void) |
(get c)) |
(n ::= number) |
(c ::= variable-not-otherwise-mentioned) |
(x ::= variable-not-otherwise-mentioned)) |
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;; auxiliary syntax |
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;; a metafunction that acts like a macro in Lambda-calculus |
;; exercise 3 from Monday afternoon |
(define-metafunction Lambda |
;; let : ((x e) ...) e -> e but e plus hole |
let : ((x any) ...) any -> any |
[(let ([x_lhs any_rhs] ...) any_body) |
((lambda (x_lhs ...) any_body) any_rhs ...)]) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
;; examples |
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(define e0 (term (put x 5))) |
(define e1 (term (get x))) |
(define e2 (term (let ([_a (spawn ,e0)] [_b (spawn ,e1)]) 1))) |
(define p0 (term (let ([c y]) ,e2))) |
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(module+ test |
(test-equal (redex-match? Lambda e e0) #true) |
(test-equal (redex-match? Lambda e e1) #true) |
(test-equal (redex-match? Lambda e p0) #true)) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
;; a standard reduction relation |
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(define-extended-language Lambda-calculus Lambda |
(s ::= (e ...)) |
(v ::= n c (void) (lambda (x ...) e)) |
(E ::= hole |
(v ... E e ...) |
(+ v ... E e ...))) |
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(define s1 (term (,e0 ,e1 ,e1))) |
(module+ test |
(test-equal (redex-match? Lambda-calculus s s1) #true) |
(test-->> s-->comm #:equiv =α/racket |
(term (,p0)) |
(term (1 5 (void))))) |
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(define s-->comm |
(reduction-relation |
Lambda-calculus |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E ((lambda (x ..._n) e) v ..._n)) e_2 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E (subst ([v x] ...) e)) e_2 ...) |
βv) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (spawn e)) e_2 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E (void)) e e_2 ...) |
spawn) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (get x)) e_2 ... (in-hole E (put x v)) e_3 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E v) e_2 ... (in-hole E (void)) e_3 ...) |
message-left) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (put x v)) e_2 ... (in-hole E (get x)) e_3 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E v) e_2 ... (in-hole E (void)) e_3 ...) |
message-right) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (+ n_1 n_2)) e_2 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E ,(+ (term n_1) (term n_2))) e_2 ...) |
+) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (if0 0 e_then e_else)) e_2 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E e_then) e_2 ...) |
if0-true) |
(--> (e_1 ... (in-hole E (if0 v e_then e_else)) e_2 ...) |
(e_1 ... (in-hole E e_then) e_2 ...) |
(where #false (zero? (term v))) |
if0-false))) |
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(module+ main |
(traces s-->comm s1)) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
(module+ test |
(test-results)) |
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;;; ------------------------------------------------------------ |
;;; common.rkt starts here |
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#lang racket |
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;; basic definitions for the Redex Summer School 2015 |
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(provide |
;; Language |
Lambda |
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;; Any -> Boolean |
;; is the given value in the expression language? |
lambda? |
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;; x (x ...) -> Boolean |
;; (in x (x_1 ...)) determines whether x occurs in x_1 ... |
in |
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;; Any Any -> Boolean |
;; (=α/racket e_1 e_2) determines whether e_1 is α-equivalent to e_2 |
;; e_1, e_2 are in Lambda or extensions of Lambda that |
;; do not introduce binding constructs beyond lambda |
=α/racket |
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;; ((Lambda x) ...) Lambda -> Lambda |
;; (subs ((e_1 x_1) ...) e) substitures e_1 for x_1 ... in e |
;; e_1, ... e are in Lambda or extensions of Lambda that |
;; do not introduce binding constructs beyond lambda |
subst) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
(require redex) |
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(define-language Lambda |
(e ::= |
x |
(lambda (x_!_ ...) e) |
(e e ...)) |
(x ::= variable-not-otherwise-mentioned)) |
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(define lambda? (redex-match? Lambda e)) |
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(module+ test |
(define e1 (term y)) |
(define e2 (term (lambda (y) y))) |
(define e3 (term (lambda (x y) y))) |
(define e4 (term (,e2 e3))) |
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(test-equal (lambda? e1) #true) |
(test-equal (lambda? e2) #true) |
(test-equal (lambda? e3) #true) |
(test-equal (lambda? e4) #true) |
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(define eb1 (term (lambda (x x) y))) |
(define eb2 (term (lambda (x y) 3))) |
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(test-equal (lambda? eb1) #false) |
(test-equal (lambda? eb2) #false)) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
;; (in x x_1 ...) is x a member of (x_1 ...)? |
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(module+ test |
(test-equal (term (in x (y z x y z))) #true) |
(test-equal (term (in x ())) #false) |
(test-equal (term (in x (y z w))) #false)) |
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(define-metafunction Lambda |
in : x (x ...) -> boolean |
[(in x (x_1 ... x x_2 ...)) #true] |
[(in x (x_1 ...)) #false]) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
;; (=α e_1 e_2) determines whether e_1 and e_2 are α equivalent |
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(module+ test |
(test-equal (term (=α (lambda (x) x) (lambda (y) y))) #true) |
(test-equal (term (=α (lambda (x) (x 1)) (lambda (y) (y 1)))) #true) |
(test-equal (term (=α (lambda (x) x) (lambda (y) z))) #false)) |
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(define-metafunction Lambda |
=α : any any -> boolean |
[(=α any_1 any_2) ,(equal? (term (sd any_1)) (term (sd any_2)))]) |
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;; a Racket definition for use in Racket positions |
(define (=α/racket x y) (term (=α ,x ,y))) |
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;; (sd e) computes the static distance version of e |
(define-extended-language SD Lambda |
(e ::= .... (K n)) |
(n ::= natural)) |
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(define SD? (redex-match? SD e)) |
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(module+ test |
(define sd1 (term (K 1))) |
(define sd2 (term 1)) |
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(test-equal (SD? sd1) #true)) |
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(define-metafunction SD |
sd : any -> any |
[(sd any_1) (sd/a any_1 ())]) |
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(module+ test |
(test-equal (term (sd/a x ())) (term x)) |
(test-equal (term (sd/a x ((y) (z) (x)))) (term (K 2 0))) |
(test-equal (term (sd/a ((lambda (x) x) (lambda (y) y)) ())) |
(term ((lambda () (K 0 0)) (lambda () (K 0 0))))) |
(test-equal (term (sd/a (lambda (x) (x (lambda (y) y))) ())) |
(term (lambda () ((K 0 0) (lambda () (K 0 0)))))) |
(test-equal (term (sd/a (lambda (z x) (x (lambda (y) z))) ())) |
(term (lambda () ((K 0 1) (lambda () (K 1 0))))))) |
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(define-metafunction SD |
sd/a : any ((x ...) ...) -> any |
[(sd/a x ((x_1 ...) ... (x_0 ... x x_2 ...) (x_3 ...) ...)) |
;; bound variable |
(K n_rib n_pos) |
(where n_rib ,(length (term ((x_1 ...) ...)))) |
(where n_pos ,(length (term (x_0 ...)))) |
(where #false (in x (x_1 ... ...)))] |
[(sd/a (lambda (x ...) any_1) (any_rest ...)) |
(lambda () (sd/a any_1 ((x ...) any_rest ...)))] |
[(sd/a (any_fun any_arg ...) (any_rib ...)) |
((sd/a any_fun (any_rib ...)) (sd/a any_arg (any_rib ...)) ...)] |
[(sd/a any_1 any) |
;; free variable, constant, etc |
any_1]) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
;; (subst ([e x] ...) e_*) substitutes e ... for x ... in e_* (hygienically) |
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(module+ test |
(test-equal (term (subst ([1 x][2 y]) x)) 1) |
(test-equal (term (subst ([1 x][2 y]) y)) 2) |
(test-equal (term (subst ([1 x][2 y]) z)) (term z)) |
(test-equal (term (subst ([1 x][2 y]) (lambda (z w) (x y)))) |
(term (lambda (z w) (1 2)))) |
(test-equal (term (subst ([1 x][2 y]) (lambda (z w) (lambda (x) (x y))))) |
(term (lambda (z w) (lambda (x) (x 2)))) |
#:equiv =α/racket) |
(test-equal (term (subst ((2 x)) ((lambda (x) (1 x)) x))) |
(term ((lambda (x) (1 x)) 2)) |
#:equiv =α/racket) |
(test-equal (term (subst (((lambda (x) y) x)) (lambda (y) x))) |
(term (lambda (y1) (lambda (x) y))) |
#:equiv =α/racket)) |
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(define-metafunction Lambda |
subst : ((any x) ...) any -> any |
[(subst [(any_1 x_1) ... (any_x x) (any_2 x_2) ...] x) any_x] |
[(subst [(any_1 x_1) ... ] x) x] |
[(subst [(any_1 x_1) ... ] (lambda (x ...) any_body)) |
(lambda (x_new ...) |
(subst ((any_1 x_1) ...) |
(subst-raw ((x_new x) ...) any_body))) |
(where (x_new ...) ,(variables-not-in (term (any_body any_1 ...)) (term (x ...)))) ] |
[(subst [(any_1 x_1) ... ] (any ...)) ((subst [(any_1 x_1) ... ] any) ...)] |
[(subst [(any_1 x_1) ... ] any_*) any_*]) |
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(define-metafunction Lambda |
subst-raw : ((x x) ...) any -> any |
[(subst-raw ((x_n1 x_o1) ... (x_new x) (x_n2 x_o2) ...) x) x_new] |
[(subst-raw ((x_n1 x_o1) ... ) x) x] |
[(subst-raw ((x_n1 x_o1) ... ) (lambda (x ...) any)) |
(lambda (x ...) (subst-raw ((x_n1 x_o1) ... ) any))] |
[(subst-raw [(any_1 x_1) ... ] (any ...)) |
((subst-raw [(any_1 x_1) ... ] any) ...)] |
[(subst-raw [(any_1 x_1) ... ] any_*) any_*]) |
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;; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
(module+ test |
(test-results)) |
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