This appendix contains sample definitions for some of the keywords
described in this report in terms of simpler forms:
The cond keyword (section 11.4.5)
could be defined in terms of if, let and begin using syntax-rules as follows:
(define-syntax cond
(syntax-rules (else =>)
((cond (else result1 result2 ...))
(begin result1 result2 ...))
((cond (test => result))
(let ((temp test))
(if temp (result temp))))
((cond (test => result) clause1 clause2 ...)
(let ((temp test))
(if temp
(result temp)
(cond clause1 clause2 ...))))
((cond (test)) test)
((cond (test) clause1 clause2 ...)
(let ((temp test))
(if temp
temp
(cond clause1 clause2 ...))))
((cond (test result1 result2 ...))
(if test (begin result1 result2 ...)))
((cond (test result1 result2 ...)
clause1 clause2 ...)
(if test
(begin result1 result2 ...)
(cond clause1 clause2 ...)))))
The case keyword (section 11.4.5) could be defined in terms of let, cond, and
memv (see library chapter on “List utilities”) using syntax-rules as follows:
(define-syntax case
(syntax-rules (else)
((case expr0
((key ...) res1 res2 ...)
...
(else else-res1 else-res2 ...))
(let ((tmp expr0))
(cond
((memv tmp ’(key ...)) res1 res2 ...)
...
(else else-res1 else-res2 ...))))
((case expr0
((keya ...) res1a res2a ...)
((keyb ...) res1b res2b ...)
...)
(let ((tmp expr0))
(cond
((memv tmp ’(keya ...)) res1a res2a ...)
((memv tmp ’(keyb ...)) res1b res2b ...)
...)))))
The let* keyword (section 11.4.6)
could be defined in terms of let
using syntax-rules as follows:
(define-syntax let*
(syntax-rules ()
((let* () body1 body2 ...)
(let () body1 body2 ...))
((let* ((name1 expr1) (name2 expr2) ...)
body1 body2 ...)
(let ((name1 expr1))
(let* ((name2 expr2) ...)
body1 body2 ...)))))
The letrec keyword (section 11.4.6)
could be defined approximately in terms of let
and set! using syntax-rules, using a helper
to generate the temporary variables
needed to hold the values before the assignments are made,
as follows:
(define-syntax letrec
(syntax-rules ()
((letrec () body1 body2 ...)
(let () body1 body2 ...))
((letrec ((var init) ...) body1 body2 ...)
(letrec-helper
(var ...)
()
((var init) ...)
body1 body2 ...))))
(define-syntax letrec-helper
(syntax-rules ()
((letrec-helper
()
(temp ...)
((var init) ...)
body1 body2 ...)
(let ((var <undefined>) ...)
(let ((temp init) ...)
(set! var temp)
...)
(let () body1 body2 ...)))
((letrec-helper
(x y ...)
(temp ...)
((var init) ...)
body1 body2 ...)
(letrec-helper
(y ...)
(newtemp temp ...)
((var init) ...)
body1 body2 ...))))
The syntax <undefined> represents an expression that
returns something that, when stored in a location, causes an exception
with condition type &assertion to
be raised if an attempt to read from or write to the location occurs before the
assignments generated by the letrec transformation take place.
(No such expression is defined in Scheme.)
A simpler definition using syntax-case and generate-temporaries is given in library
chapter on “syntax-case”.
The letrec* keyword could be defined approximately in terms of
let and set! using syntax-rules as follows:
(define-syntax letrec*
(syntax-rules ()
((letrec* ((var1 init1) ...) body1 body2 ...)
(let ((var1 <undefined>) ...)
(set! var1 init1)
...
(let () body1 body2 ...)))))
The syntax <undefined> is as in the definition of letrec above.
The following definition of let-values (section 11.4.6)
using syntax-rules
employs a pair of helpers to
create temporary names for the formals.
(define-syntax let-values
(syntax-rules ()
((let-values (binding ...) body1 body2 ...)
(let-values-helper1
()
(binding ...)
body1 body2 ...))))
(define-syntax let-values-helper1
;; map over the bindings
(syntax-rules ()
((let-values
((id temp) ...)
()
body1 body2 ...)
(let ((id temp) ...) body1 body2 ...))
((let-values
assocs
((formals1 expr1) (formals2 expr2) ...)
body1 body2 ...)
(let-values-helper2
formals1
()
expr1
assocs
((formals2 expr2) ...)
body1 body2 ...))))
(define-syntax let-values-helper2
;; create temporaries for the formals
(syntax-rules ()
((let-values-helper2
()
temp-formals
expr1
assocs
bindings
body1 body2 ...)
(call-with-values
(lambda () expr1)
(lambda temp-formals
(let-values-helper1
assocs
bindings
body1 body2 ...))))
((let-values-helper2
(first . rest)
(temp ...)
expr1
(assoc ...)
bindings
body1 body2 ...)
(let-values-helper2
rest
(temp ... newtemp)
expr1
(assoc ... (first newtemp))
bindings
body1 body2 ...))
((let-values-helper2
rest-formal
(temp ...)
expr1
(assoc ...)
bindings
body1 body2 ...)
(call-with-values
(lambda () expr1)
(lambda (temp ... . newtemp)
(let-values-helper1
(assoc ... (rest-formal newtemp))
bindings
body1 body2 ...))))))
The following macro defines let*-values in terms of let
and let-values using syntax-rules:
(define-syntax let*-values
(syntax-rules ()
((let*-values () body1 body2 ...)
(let () body1 body2 ...))
((let*-values (binding1 binding2 ...)
body1 body2 ...)
(let-values (binding1)
(let*-values (binding2 ...)
body1 body2 ...)))))
The let keyword could be defined in terms of lambda and letrec
using syntax-rules as
follows:
(define-syntax let
(syntax-rules ()
((let ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...)
((lambda (name ...) body1 body2 ...)
val ...))
((let tag ((name val) ...) body1 body2 ...)
((letrec ((tag (lambda (name ...)
body1 body2 ...)))
tag)
val ...))))